In a war between the duchies, the Moscow princes understood that somebody has to take the lead against the Mongols by subduing others to his rule. Tver was burned and destroyed by the Horde, and Moscow and Suzdal princes helped the Mongols.
In 1328, Tver duchy revolted against the Mongols, killing the Uzbek Khan’s cousin. Soon, the princes learned this tactic and started applying it against the Mongols.įor a century, there were innumerable military campaigns between Mongols and Russians. However, the cunning and politically sophisticated Mongol khans manipulated Russians, incited hatred and wars among them to better control the weak, divided states. There was never any constant military presence of the Mongols, but if the Russians revolted against their rule, they could send armies. For protection, the church was obliged to preach allegiance to the Mongol Tatars to their parishioners. The important part of the Mongols’ policy was that they protected the Russian Orthodox churches, never ravaged them, and kept the clergy safe. Jarlik (a shout-out, an announcement in the ancient Mongol language) was how Mongols called diplomatic credentials – protective charters they wrote and handed over to the Russian princes and priests. It was this same Yaroslav II, by the way, who received the first jarlik and later was poisoned.
But in the Horde’s capital Saray, Russian princes were sometimes forced to walk on their knees to the Khan’s throne and overall treated like inferiors. The ceremony of swearing allegiance to Mongols was very similar to the French ceremony of homage, where the liege kneeled on one knee at the feet of his seated sovereign. In 1243, Yaroslav II of Vladimir (1191-1246) was the first Russian prince to receive permission to rule – he was summoned to Batu Khan, swore his allegiance to him and was named the “biggest knyaz’ of all Russians.” How did Mongol rule work?īatu Khan as seen on a Middle Ages Chinese etching
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And they knew how to get what they wanted. However, the Mongols didn’t want to conquer the land fully – they just wanted stable tributes. The North-Eastern lands, most notably Tver, Moscow, Vladimir, and Suzdal became the main cities after the invasion. Also, the lands and cities of the South – Kiev, Chernigov, Halych were burned to the ground. The invasion continued until 1242 and was a terrible blow for the Russian lands – it took almost 100 years to fully recover from the damage the Mongol army did. They took, ravaged and burned Ryazan’, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir, Tver – all the main Russian cities. In 1237, the Mongols, led by Batu Khan, invaded Rus’. Giant armies of Mongol warriors (clearly over 100,000, an enormous number in the 13th century) easily defeated the weak and ill-numbered forces of the Russian princes, who were at war with each other before the invasion. It all started when Genghis Khan (1155-1227), the founder of the Mongol Empire, sent his son Jochi (1182-1227) to conquer the lands of what is now Siberia, Central Russia, and Eastern Europe.
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